日期和时间模块-pytz时区模块

• 介绍
• 安装
• 使用
  • 查看所有的时区列表
  • 常用时区列表
  • 时区集合
  • 国家时区country_timezones()
  • 国家名称country_names
  • UTC时区
  • pytz模块常量
  • 本地化时间和日期计算
• 最后的总结

介绍

pypi上面pytz模块的介绍是World timezone definitions, modern and historical，即世界野区定义，现代的和历史的。

pytz brings the Olson tz database into Python. This library allows accurate and cross platform timezone calculations using Python 2.4 or higher. It also solves the issue of ambiguous times at the end of daylight saving time, which you can read more about in the Python Library Reference (datetime.tzinfo).

Almost all of the Olson timezones are supported.

pytz将Olson tz数据库带入Python。 该库允许使用Python 2.4或更高版本进行准确的跨平台时区计算。 它还解决了夏令时结束时时间模糊的问题，您可以在Python库参考(datetime.tzinfo)中了解更多信息。

几乎所有的Olson时区都受支持。

安装

$ pip install pytz
Looking in indexes: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
Requirement already satisfied: pytz in /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages (2020.1)

查看pytz模块有哪些函数或方法：

$ python3
Python 3.6.8 (v3.6.8:3c6b436a57, Dec 24 2018, 02:10:22)
[GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5666) (dot 3)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pytz
>>> pytz.
pytz.all_timezones         pytz.country_timezones(    pytz.LazySet(              pytz.tzfile
pytz.all_timezones_set     pytz.datetime              pytz.NonExistentTimeError( pytz.tzinfo
pytz.AmbiguousTimeError(   pytz.exceptions            pytz.OLSEN_VERSION         pytz.unicode(
pytz.ascii(                pytz.FixedOffset(          pytz.OLSON_VERSION         pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError(
pytz.BaseTzInfo(           pytz.HOUR                  pytz.open_resource(        pytz.unpickler(
pytz.build_tzinfo(         pytz.InvalidTimeError(     pytz.os                    pytz.utc
pytz.common_timezones      pytz.lazy                  pytz.resource_exists(      pytz.UTC
pytz.common_timezones_set  pytz.LazyDict(             pytz.sys                   pytz.VERSION
pytz.country_names         pytz.LazyList(             pytz.timezone(             pytz.ZERO
>>> exit()

使用

查看所有的时区列表

>>> from pprint import pprint as print

>>> print(pytz.all_timezones)
['Africa/Abidjan',
 'Africa/Accra',
 'Africa/Addis_Ababa',
 'Africa/Algiers',
 'Africa/Asmara',
 'Africa/Asmera',
 'Africa/Bamako',
 'Africa/Bangui',
 'Africa/Banjul',
 'Africa/Bissau',
 'Africa/Blantyre',
 'Africa/Brazzaville',
 'Africa/Bujumbura',
 'Africa/Cairo',
 'Africa/Casablanca',
 'Africa/Ceuta',
 'Africa/Conakry',
 'Africa/Dakar',
 'Africa/Dar_es_Salaam',
 'Africa/Djibouti',
 'Africa/Douala',
 'Africa/El_Aaiun',
 'Africa/Freetown',
 'Africa/Gaborone',
 'Africa/Harare',
 'Africa/Johannesburg',
 'Africa/Juba',
 'Africa/Kampala',
 'Africa/Khartoum',
 'Africa/Kigali',
 'Africa/Kinshasa',
 'Africa/Lagos',
 'Africa/Libreville',
 'Africa/Lome',
 'Africa/Luanda',
 'Africa/Lubumbashi',
 'Africa/Lusaka',
 'Africa/Malabo',
 'Africa/Maputo',
 'Africa/Maseru',
 'Africa/Mbabane',
 'Africa/Mogadishu',
 'Africa/Monrovia',
 'Africa/Nairobi',
 'Africa/Ndjamena',
 'Africa/Niamey',
 'Africa/Nouakchott',
 'Africa/Ouagadougou',
 'Africa/Porto-Novo',
 'Africa/Sao_Tome',
 'Africa/Timbuktu',
 'Africa/Tripoli',
 'Africa/Tunis',
 'Africa/Windhoek',
 'America/Adak',
 'America/Anchorage',
 'America/Anguilla',
 'America/Antigua',
 'America/Araguaina',
 'America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires',
 'America/Argentina/Catamarca',
 'America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia',
 'America/Argentina/Cordoba',
 'America/Argentina/Jujuy',
 'America/Argentina/La_Rioja',
 'America/Argentina/Mendoza',
 'America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos',
 'America/Argentina/Salta',
 'America/Argentina/San_Juan',
 'America/Argentina/San_Luis',
 'America/Argentina/Tucuman',
 'America/Argentina/Ushuaia',
 'America/Aruba',
 'America/Asuncion',
 'America/Atikokan',
 'America/Atka',
 'America/Bahia',
 'America/Bahia_Banderas',
 'America/Barbados',
 'America/Belem',
 'America/Belize',
 'America/Blanc-Sablon',
 'America/Boa_Vista',
 'America/Bogota',
 'America/Boise',
 'America/Buenos_Aires',
 'America/Cambridge_Bay',
 'America/Campo_Grande',
 'America/Cancun',
 'America/Caracas',
 'America/Catamarca',
 'America/Cayenne',
 'America/Cayman',
 'America/Chicago',
 'America/Chihuahua',
 'America/Coral_Harbour',
 'America/Cordoba',
 'America/Costa_Rica',
 'America/Creston',
 'America/Cuiaba',
 'America/Curacao',
 'America/Danmarkshavn',
 'America/Dawson',
 'America/Dawson_Creek',
 'America/Denver',
 'America/Detroit',
 'America/Dominica',
 'America/Edmonton',
 'America/Eirunepe',
 'America/El_Salvador',
 'America/Ensenada',
 'America/Fort_Nelson',
 'America/Fort_Wayne',
 'America/Fortaleza',
 'America/Glace_Bay',
 'America/Godthab',
 'America/Goose_Bay',
 'America/Grand_Turk',
 'America/Grenada',
 'America/Guadeloupe',
 'America/Guatemala',
 'America/Guayaquil',
 'America/Guyana',
 'America/Halifax',
 'America/Havana',
 'America/Hermosillo',
 'America/Indiana/Indianapolis',
 'America/Indiana/Knox',
 'America/Indiana/Marengo',
 'America/Indiana/Petersburg',
 'America/Indiana/Tell_City',
 'America/Indiana/Vevay',
 'America/Indiana/Vincennes',
 'America/Indiana/Winamac',
 'America/Indianapolis',
 'America/Inuvik',
 'America/Iqaluit',
 'America/Jamaica',
 'America/Jujuy',
 'America/Juneau',
 'America/Kentucky/Louisville',
 'America/Kentucky/Monticello',
 'America/Knox_IN',
 'America/Kralendijk',
 'America/La_Paz',
 'America/Lima',
 'America/Los_Angeles',
 'America/Louisville',
 'America/Lower_Princes',
 'America/Maceio',
 'America/Managua',
 'America/Manaus',
 'America/Marigot',
 'America/Martinique',
 'America/Matamoros',
 'America/Mazatlan',
 'America/Mendoza',
 'America/Menominee',
 'America/Merida',
 'America/Metlakatla',
 'America/Mexico_City',
 'America/Miquelon',
 'America/Moncton',
 'America/Monterrey',
 'America/Montevideo',
 'America/Montreal',
 'America/Montserrat',
 'America/Nassau',
 'America/New_York',
 'America/Nipigon',
 'America/Nome',
 'America/Noronha',
 'America/North_Dakota/Beulah',
 'America/North_Dakota/Center',
 'America/North_Dakota/New_Salem',
 'America/Nuuk',
 'America/Ojinaga',
 'America/Panama',
 'America/Pangnirtung',
 'America/Paramaribo',
 'America/Phoenix',
 'America/Port-au-Prince',
 'America/Port_of_Spain',
 'America/Porto_Acre',
 'America/Porto_Velho',
 'America/Puerto_Rico',
 'America/Punta_Arenas',
 'America/Rainy_River',
 'America/Rankin_Inlet',
 'America/Recife',
 'America/Regina',
 'America/Resolute',
 'America/Rio_Branco',
 'America/Rosario',
 'America/Santa_Isabel',
 'America/Santarem',
 'America/Santiago',
 'America/Santo_Domingo',
 'America/Sao_Paulo',
 'America/Scoresbysund',
 'America/Shiprock',
 'America/Sitka',
 'America/St_Barthelemy',
 'America/St_Johns',
 'America/St_Kitts',
 'America/St_Lucia',
 'America/St_Thomas',
 'America/St_Vincent',
 'America/Swift_Current',
 'America/Tegucigalpa',
 'America/Thule',
 'America/Thunder_Bay',
 'America/Tijuana',
 'America/Toronto',
 'America/Tortola',
 'America/Vancouver',
 'America/Virgin',
 'America/Whitehorse',
 'America/Winnipeg',
 'America/Yakutat',
 'America/Yellowknife',
 'Antarctica/Casey',
 'Antarctica/Davis',
 'Antarctica/DumontDUrville',
 'Antarctica/Macquarie',
 'Antarctica/Mawson',
 'Antarctica/McMurdo',
 'Antarctica/Palmer',
 'Antarctica/Rothera',
 'Antarctica/South_Pole',
 'Antarctica/Syowa',
 'Antarctica/Troll',
 'Antarctica/Vostok',
 'Arctic/Longyearbyen',
 'Asia/Aden',
 'Asia/Almaty',
 'Asia/Amman',
 'Asia/Anadyr',
 'Asia/Aqtau',
 'Asia/Aqtobe',
 'Asia/Ashgabat',
 'Asia/Ashkhabad',
 'Asia/Atyrau',
 'Asia/Baghdad',
 'Asia/Bahrain',
 'Asia/Baku',
 'Asia/Bangkok',
 'Asia/Barnaul',
 'Asia/Beirut',
 'Asia/Bishkek',
 'Asia/Brunei',
 'Asia/Calcutta',
 'Asia/Chita',
 'Asia/Choibalsan',
 'Asia/Chongqing',
 'Asia/Chungking',
 'Asia/Colombo',
 'Asia/Dacca',
 'Asia/Damascus',
 'Asia/Dhaka',
 'Asia/Dili',
 'Asia/Dubai',
 'Asia/Dushanbe',
 'Asia/Famagusta',
 'Asia/Gaza',
 'Asia/Harbin',
 'Asia/Hebron',
 'Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh',
 'Asia/Hong_Kong',
 'Asia/Hovd',
 'Asia/Irkutsk',
 'Asia/Istanbul',
 'Asia/Jakarta',
 'Asia/Jayapura',
 'Asia/Jerusalem',
 'Asia/Kabul',
 'Asia/Kamchatka',
 'Asia/Karachi',
 'Asia/Kashgar',
 'Asia/Kathmandu',
 'Asia/Katmandu',
 'Asia/Khandyga',
 'Asia/Kolkata',
 'Asia/Krasnoyarsk',
 'Asia/Kuala_Lumpur',
 'Asia/Kuching',
 'Asia/Kuwait',
 'Asia/Macao',
 'Asia/Macau',
 'Asia/Magadan',
 'Asia/Makassar',
 'Asia/Manila',
 'Asia/Muscat',
 'Asia/Nicosia',
 'Asia/Novokuznetsk',
 'Asia/Novosibirsk',
 'Asia/Omsk',
 'Asia/Oral',
 'Asia/Phnom_Penh',
 'Asia/Pontianak',
 'Asia/Pyongyang',
 'Asia/Qatar',
 'Asia/Qostanay',
 'Asia/Qyzylorda',
 'Asia/Rangoon',
 'Asia/Riyadh',
 'Asia/Saigon',
 'Asia/Sakhalin',
 'Asia/Samarkand',
 'Asia/Seoul',
 'Asia/Shanghai',                   # 这个是亚洲/上海，代码中国的时区
 'Asia/Singapore',
 'Asia/Srednekolymsk',
 'Asia/Taipei',
 'Asia/Tashkent',
 'Asia/Tbilisi',
 'Asia/Tehran',
 'Asia/Tel_Aviv',
 'Asia/Thimbu',
 'Asia/Thimphu',
 'Asia/Tokyo',
 'Asia/Tomsk',
 'Asia/Ujung_Pandang',
 'Asia/Ulaanbaatar',
 'Asia/Ulan_Bator',
 'Asia/Urumqi',
 'Asia/Ust-Nera',
 'Asia/Vientiane',
 'Asia/Vladivostok',
 'Asia/Yakutsk',
 'Asia/Yangon',
 'Asia/Yekaterinburg',
 'Asia/Yerevan',
 'Atlantic/Azores',
 'Atlantic/Bermuda',
 'Atlantic/Canary',
 'Atlantic/Cape_Verde',
 'Atlantic/Faeroe',
 'Atlantic/Faroe',
 'Atlantic/Jan_Mayen',
 'Atlantic/Madeira',
 'Atlantic/Reykjavik',
 'Atlantic/South_Georgia',
 'Atlantic/St_Helena',
 'Atlantic/Stanley',
 'Australia/ACT',
 'Australia/Adelaide',
 'Australia/Brisbane',
 'Australia/Broken_Hill',
 'Australia/Canberra',
 'Australia/Currie',
 'Australia/Darwin',
 'Australia/Eucla',
 'Australia/Hobart',
 'Australia/LHI',
 'Australia/Lindeman',
 'Australia/Lord_Howe',
 'Australia/Melbourne',
 'Australia/NSW',
 'Australia/North',
 'Australia/Perth',
 'Australia/Queensland',
 'Australia/South',
 'Australia/Sydney',
 'Australia/Tasmania',
 'Australia/Victoria',
 'Australia/West',
 'Australia/Yancowinna',
 'Brazil/Acre',
 'Brazil/DeNoronha',
 'Brazil/East',
 'Brazil/West',
 'CET',
 'CST6CDT',
 'Canada/Atlantic',
 'Canada/Central',
 'Canada/Eastern',
 'Canada/Mountain',
 'Canada/Newfoundland',
 'Canada/Pacific',
 'Canada/Saskatchewan',
 'Canada/Yukon',
 'Chile/Continental',
 'Chile/EasterIsland',
 'Cuba',
 'EET',
 'EST',
 'EST5EDT',
 'Egypt',
 'Eire',
 'Etc/GMT',
 'Etc/GMT+0',
 'Etc/GMT+1',
 'Etc/GMT+10',
 'Etc/GMT+11',
 'Etc/GMT+12',
 'Etc/GMT+2',
 'Etc/GMT+3',
 'Etc/GMT+4',
 'Etc/GMT+5',
 'Etc/GMT+6',
 'Etc/GMT+7',
 'Etc/GMT+8',
 'Etc/GMT+9',
 'Etc/GMT-0',
 'Etc/GMT-1',
 'Etc/GMT-10',
 'Etc/GMT-11',
 'Etc/GMT-12',
 'Etc/GMT-13',
 'Etc/GMT-14',
 'Etc/GMT-2',
 'Etc/GMT-3',
 'Etc/GMT-4',
 'Etc/GMT-5',
 'Etc/GMT-6',
 'Etc/GMT-7',
 'Etc/GMT-8',
 'Etc/GMT-9',
 'Etc/GMT0',
 'Etc/Greenwich',
 'Etc/UCT',
 'Etc/UTC',
 'Etc/Universal',
 'Etc/Zulu',
 'Europe/Amsterdam',
 'Europe/Andorra',
 'Europe/Astrakhan',
 'Europe/Athens',
 'Europe/Belfast',
 'Europe/Belgrade',
 'Europe/Berlin',
 'Europe/Bratislava',
 'Europe/Brussels',
 'Europe/Bucharest',
 'Europe/Budapest',
 'Europe/Busingen',
 'Europe/Chisinau',
 'Europe/Copenhagen',
 'Europe/Dublin',
 'Europe/Gibraltar',
 'Europe/Guernsey',
 'Europe/Helsinki',
 'Europe/Isle_of_Man',
 'Europe/Istanbul',
 'Europe/Jersey',
 'Europe/Kaliningrad',
 'Europe/Kiev',
 'Europe/Kirov',
 'Europe/Lisbon',
 'Europe/Ljubljana',
 'Europe/London',
 'Europe/Luxembourg',
 'Europe/Madrid',
 'Europe/Malta',
 'Europe/Mariehamn',
 'Europe/Minsk',
 'Europe/Monaco',
 'Europe/Moscow',
 'Europe/Nicosia',
 'Europe/Oslo',
 'Europe/Paris',
 'Europe/Podgorica',
 'Europe/Prague',
 'Europe/Riga',
 'Europe/Rome',
 'Europe/Samara',
 'Europe/San_Marino',
 'Europe/Sarajevo',
 'Europe/Saratov',
 'Europe/Simferopol',
 'Europe/Skopje',
 'Europe/Sofia',
 'Europe/Stockholm',
 'Europe/Tallinn',
 'Europe/Tirane',
 'Europe/Tiraspol',
 'Europe/Ulyanovsk',
 'Europe/Uzhgorod',
 'Europe/Vaduz',
 'Europe/Vatican',
 'Europe/Vienna',
 'Europe/Vilnius',
 'Europe/Volgograd',
 'Europe/Warsaw',
 'Europe/Zagreb',
 'Europe/Zaporozhye',
 'Europe/Zurich',
 'GB',
 'GB-Eire',
 'GMT',
 'GMT+0',
 'GMT-0',
 'GMT0',
 'Greenwich',
 'HST',
 'Hongkong',
 'Iceland',
 'Indian/Antananarivo',
 'Indian/Chagos',
 'Indian/Christmas',
 'Indian/Cocos',
 'Indian/Comoro',
 'Indian/Kerguelen',
 'Indian/Mahe',
 'Indian/Maldives',
 'Indian/Mauritius',
 'Indian/Mayotte',
 'Indian/Reunion',
 'Iran',
 'Israel',
 'Jamaica',
 'Japan',
 'Kwajalein',
 'Libya',
 'MET',
 'MST',
 'MST7MDT',
 'Mexico/BajaNorte',
 'Mexico/BajaSur',
 'Mexico/General',
 'NZ',
 'NZ-CHAT',
 'Navajo',
 'PRC',
 'PST8PDT',
 'Pacific/Apia',
 'Pacific/Auckland',
 'Pacific/Bougainville',
 'Pacific/Chatham',
 'Pacific/Chuuk',
 'Pacific/Easter',
 'Pacific/Efate',
 'Pacific/Enderbury',
 'Pacific/Fakaofo',
 'Pacific/Fiji',
 'Pacific/Funafuti',
 'Pacific/Galapagos',
 'Pacific/Gambier',
 'Pacific/Guadalcanal',
 'Pacific/Guam',
 'Pacific/Honolulu',
 'Pacific/Johnston',
 'Pacific/Kiritimati',
 'Pacific/Kosrae',
 'Pacific/Kwajalein',
 'Pacific/Majuro',
 'Pacific/Marquesas',
 'Pacific/Midway',
 'Pacific/Nauru',
 'Pacific/Niue',
 'Pacific/Norfolk',
 'Pacific/Noumea',
 'Pacific/Pago_Pago',
 'Pacific/Palau',
 'Pacific/Pitcairn',
 'Pacific/Pohnpei',
 'Pacific/Ponape',
 'Pacific/Port_Moresby',
 'Pacific/Rarotonga',
 'Pacific/Saipan',
 'Pacific/Samoa',
 'Pacific/Tahiti',
 'Pacific/Tarawa',
 'Pacific/Tongatapu',
 'Pacific/Truk',
 'Pacific/Wake',
 'Pacific/Wallis',
 'Pacific/Yap',
 'Poland',
 'Portugal',
 'ROC',
 'ROK',
 'Singapore',
 'Turkey',
 'UCT',
 'US/Alaska',
 'US/Aleutian',
 'US/Arizona',
 'US/Central',
 'US/East-Indiana',
 'US/Eastern',
 'US/Hawaii',
 'US/Indiana-Starke',
 'US/Michigan',
 'US/Mountain',
 'US/Pacific',
 'US/Samoa',
 'UTC',
 'Universal',
 'W-SU',
 'WET',
 'Zulu']

>>> len(pytz.all_timezones)
593

>>>

上面包含的所有的时区信息，现在有可能有的已经废弃不用了。

常用时区列表

>>> print(pytz.common_timezones)
['Africa/Abidjan',
 'Africa/Accra',
 'Africa/Addis_Ababa',
 'Africa/Algiers',
 'Africa/Asmara',
 'Africa/Bamako',
 'Africa/Bangui',
 'Africa/Banjul',
 'Africa/Bissau',
 'Africa/Blantyre',
 'Africa/Brazzaville',
 'Africa/Bujumbura',
 'Africa/Cairo',
 'Africa/Casablanca',
 'Africa/Ceuta',
 'Africa/Conakry',
 'Africa/Dakar',
 'Africa/Dar_es_Salaam',
 'Africa/Djibouti',
 'Africa/Douala',
 'Africa/El_Aaiun',
 'Africa/Freetown',
 'Africa/Gaborone',
 'Africa/Harare',
 'Africa/Johannesburg',
 'Africa/Juba',
 'Africa/Kampala',
 'Africa/Khartoum',
 'Africa/Kigali',
 'Africa/Kinshasa',
 'Africa/Lagos',
 'Africa/Libreville',
 'Africa/Lome',
 'Africa/Luanda',
 'Africa/Lubumbashi',
 'Africa/Lusaka',
 'Africa/Malabo',
 'Africa/Maputo',
 'Africa/Maseru',
 'Africa/Mbabane',
 'Africa/Mogadishu',
 'Africa/Monrovia',
 'Africa/Nairobi',
 'Africa/Ndjamena',
 'Africa/Niamey',
 'Africa/Nouakchott',
 'Africa/Ouagadougou',
 'Africa/Porto-Novo',
 'Africa/Sao_Tome',
 'Africa/Tripoli',
 'Africa/Tunis',
 'Africa/Windhoek',
 'America/Adak',
 'America/Anchorage',
 'America/Anguilla',
 'America/Antigua',
 'America/Araguaina',
 'America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires',
 'America/Argentina/Catamarca',
 'America/Argentina/Cordoba',
 'America/Argentina/Jujuy',
 'America/Argentina/La_Rioja',
 'America/Argentina/Mendoza',
 'America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos',
 'America/Argentina/Salta',
 'America/Argentina/San_Juan',
 'America/Argentina/San_Luis',
 'America/Argentina/Tucuman',
 'America/Argentina/Ushuaia',
 'America/Aruba',
 'America/Asuncion',
 'America/Atikokan',
 'America/Bahia',
 'America/Bahia_Banderas',
 'America/Barbados',
 'America/Belem',
 'America/Belize',
 'America/Blanc-Sablon',
 'America/Boa_Vista',
 'America/Bogota',
 'America/Boise',
 'America/Cambridge_Bay',
 'America/Campo_Grande',
 'America/Cancun',
 'America/Caracas',
 'America/Cayenne',
 'America/Cayman',
 'America/Chicago',
 'America/Chihuahua',
 'America/Costa_Rica',
 'America/Creston',
 'America/Cuiaba',
 'America/Curacao',
 'America/Danmarkshavn',
 'America/Dawson',
 'America/Dawson_Creek',
 'America/Denver',
 'America/Detroit',
 'America/Dominica',
 'America/Edmonton',
 'America/Eirunepe',
 'America/El_Salvador',
 'America/Fort_Nelson',
 'America/Fortaleza',
 'America/Glace_Bay',
 'America/Goose_Bay',
 'America/Grand_Turk',
 'America/Grenada',
 'America/Guadeloupe',
 'America/Guatemala',
 'America/Guayaquil',
 'America/Guyana',
 'America/Halifax',
 'America/Havana',
 'America/Hermosillo',
 'America/Indiana/Indianapolis',
 'America/Indiana/Knox',
 'America/Indiana/Marengo',
 'America/Indiana/Petersburg',
 'America/Indiana/Tell_City',
 'America/Indiana/Vevay',
 'America/Indiana/Vincennes',
 'America/Indiana/Winamac',
 'America/Inuvik',
 'America/Iqaluit',
 'America/Jamaica',
 'America/Juneau',
 'America/Kentucky/Louisville',
 'America/Kentucky/Monticello',
 'America/Kralendijk',
 'America/La_Paz',
 'America/Lima',
 'America/Los_Angeles',
 'America/Lower_Princes',
 'America/Maceio',
 'America/Managua',
 'America/Manaus',
 'America/Marigot',
 'America/Martinique',
 'America/Matamoros',
 'America/Mazatlan',
 'America/Menominee',
 'America/Merida',
 'America/Metlakatla',
 'America/Mexico_City',
 'America/Miquelon',
 'America/Moncton',
 'America/Monterrey',
 'America/Montevideo',
 'America/Montserrat',
 'America/Nassau',
 'America/New_York',
 'America/Nipigon',
 'America/Nome',
 'America/Noronha',
 'America/North_Dakota/Beulah',
 'America/North_Dakota/Center',
 'America/North_Dakota/New_Salem',
 'America/Nuuk',
 'America/Ojinaga',
 'America/Panama',
 'America/Pangnirtung',
 'America/Paramaribo',
 'America/Phoenix',
 'America/Port-au-Prince',
 'America/Port_of_Spain',
 'America/Porto_Velho',
 'America/Puerto_Rico',
 'America/Punta_Arenas',
 'America/Rainy_River',
 'America/Rankin_Inlet',
 'America/Recife',
 'America/Regina',
 'America/Resolute',
 'America/Rio_Branco',
 'America/Santarem',
 'America/Santiago',
 'America/Santo_Domingo',
 'America/Sao_Paulo',
 'America/Scoresbysund',
 'America/Sitka',
 'America/St_Barthelemy',
 'America/St_Johns',
 'America/St_Kitts',
 'America/St_Lucia',
 'America/St_Thomas',
 'America/St_Vincent',
 'America/Swift_Current',
 'America/Tegucigalpa',
 'America/Thule',
 'America/Thunder_Bay',
 'America/Tijuana',
 'America/Toronto',
 'America/Tortola',
 'America/Vancouver',
 'America/Whitehorse',
 'America/Winnipeg',
 'America/Yakutat',
 'America/Yellowknife',
 'Antarctica/Casey',
 'Antarctica/Davis',
 'Antarctica/DumontDUrville',
 'Antarctica/Macquarie',
 'Antarctica/Mawson',
 'Antarctica/McMurdo',
 'Antarctica/Palmer',
 'Antarctica/Rothera',
 'Antarctica/Syowa',
 'Antarctica/Troll',
 'Antarctica/Vostok',
 'Arctic/Longyearbyen',
 'Asia/Aden',
 'Asia/Almaty',
 'Asia/Amman',
 'Asia/Anadyr',
 'Asia/Aqtau',
 'Asia/Aqtobe',
 'Asia/Ashgabat',
 'Asia/Atyrau',
 'Asia/Baghdad',
 'Asia/Bahrain',
 'Asia/Baku',
 'Asia/Bangkok',
 'Asia/Barnaul',
 'Asia/Beirut',
 'Asia/Bishkek',
 'Asia/Brunei',
 'Asia/Chita',
 'Asia/Choibalsan',
 'Asia/Colombo',
 'Asia/Damascus',
 'Asia/Dhaka',
 'Asia/Dili',
 'Asia/Dubai',
 'Asia/Dushanbe',
 'Asia/Famagusta',
 'Asia/Gaza',
 'Asia/Hebron',
 'Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh',
 'Asia/Hong_Kong',
 'Asia/Hovd',
 'Asia/Irkutsk',
 'Asia/Jakarta',
 'Asia/Jayapura',
 'Asia/Jerusalem',
 'Asia/Kabul',
 'Asia/Kamchatka',
 'Asia/Karachi',
 'Asia/Kathmandu',
 'Asia/Khandyga',
 'Asia/Kolkata',
 'Asia/Krasnoyarsk',
 'Asia/Kuala_Lumpur',
 'Asia/Kuching',
 'Asia/Kuwait',
 'Asia/Macau',
 'Asia/Magadan',
 'Asia/Makassar',
 'Asia/Manila',
 'Asia/Muscat',
 'Asia/Nicosia',
 'Asia/Novokuznetsk',
 'Asia/Novosibirsk',
 'Asia/Omsk',
 'Asia/Oral',
 'Asia/Phnom_Penh',
 'Asia/Pontianak',
 'Asia/Pyongyang',
 'Asia/Qatar',
 'Asia/Qostanay',
 'Asia/Qyzylorda',
 'Asia/Riyadh',
 'Asia/Sakhalin',
 'Asia/Samarkand',
 'Asia/Seoul',
 'Asia/Shanghai',
 'Asia/Singapore',
 'Asia/Srednekolymsk',
 'Asia/Taipei',
 'Asia/Tashkent',
 'Asia/Tbilisi',
 'Asia/Tehran',
 'Asia/Thimphu',
 'Asia/Tokyo',
 'Asia/Tomsk',
 'Asia/Ulaanbaatar',
 'Asia/Urumqi',
 'Asia/Ust-Nera',
 'Asia/Vientiane',
 'Asia/Vladivostok',
 'Asia/Yakutsk',
 'Asia/Yangon',
 'Asia/Yekaterinburg',
 'Asia/Yerevan',
 'Atlantic/Azores',
 'Atlantic/Bermuda',
 'Atlantic/Canary',
 'Atlantic/Cape_Verde',
 'Atlantic/Faroe',
 'Atlantic/Madeira',
 'Atlantic/Reykjavik',
 'Atlantic/South_Georgia',
 'Atlantic/St_Helena',
 'Atlantic/Stanley',
 'Australia/Adelaide',
 'Australia/Brisbane',
 'Australia/Broken_Hill',
 'Australia/Currie',
 'Australia/Darwin',
 'Australia/Eucla',
 'Australia/Hobart',
 'Australia/Lindeman',
 'Australia/Lord_Howe',
 'Australia/Melbourne',
 'Australia/Perth',
 'Australia/Sydney',
 'Canada/Atlantic',
 'Canada/Central',
 'Canada/Eastern',
 'Canada/Mountain',
 'Canada/Newfoundland',
 'Canada/Pacific',
 'Europe/Amsterdam',
 'Europe/Andorra',
 'Europe/Astrakhan',
 'Europe/Athens',
 'Europe/Belgrade',
 'Europe/Berlin',
 'Europe/Bratislava',
 'Europe/Brussels',
 'Europe/Bucharest',
 'Europe/Budapest',
 'Europe/Busingen',
 'Europe/Chisinau',
 'Europe/Copenhagen',
 'Europe/Dublin',
 'Europe/Gibraltar',
 'Europe/Guernsey',
 'Europe/Helsinki',
 'Europe/Isle_of_Man',
 'Europe/Istanbul',
 'Europe/Jersey',
 'Europe/Kaliningrad',
 'Europe/Kiev',
 'Europe/Kirov',
 'Europe/Lisbon',
 'Europe/Ljubljana',
 'Europe/London',
 'Europe/Luxembourg',
 'Europe/Madrid',
 'Europe/Malta',
 'Europe/Mariehamn',
 'Europe/Minsk',
 'Europe/Monaco',
 'Europe/Moscow',
 'Europe/Oslo',
 'Europe/Paris',
 'Europe/Podgorica',
 'Europe/Prague',
 'Europe/Riga',
 'Europe/Rome',
 'Europe/Samara',
 'Europe/San_Marino',
 'Europe/Sarajevo',
 'Europe/Saratov',
 'Europe/Simferopol',
 'Europe/Skopje',
 'Europe/Sofia',
 'Europe/Stockholm',
 'Europe/Tallinn',
 'Europe/Tirane',
 'Europe/Ulyanovsk',
 'Europe/Uzhgorod',
 'Europe/Vaduz',
 'Europe/Vatican',
 'Europe/Vienna',
 'Europe/Vilnius',
 'Europe/Volgograd',
 'Europe/Warsaw',
 'Europe/Zagreb',
 'Europe/Zaporozhye',
 'Europe/Zurich',
 'GMT',
 'Indian/Antananarivo',
 'Indian/Chagos',
 'Indian/Christmas',
 'Indian/Cocos',
 'Indian/Comoro',
 'Indian/Kerguelen',
 'Indian/Mahe',
 'Indian/Maldives',
 'Indian/Mauritius',
 'Indian/Mayotte',
 'Indian/Reunion',
 'Pacific/Apia',
 'Pacific/Auckland',
 'Pacific/Bougainville',
 'Pacific/Chatham',
 'Pacific/Chuuk',
 'Pacific/Easter',
 'Pacific/Efate',
 'Pacific/Enderbury',
 'Pacific/Fakaofo',
 'Pacific/Fiji',
 'Pacific/Funafuti',
 'Pacific/Galapagos',
 'Pacific/Gambier',
 'Pacific/Guadalcanal',
 'Pacific/Guam',
 'Pacific/Honolulu',
 'Pacific/Kiritimati',
 'Pacific/Kosrae',
 'Pacific/Kwajalein',
 'Pacific/Majuro',
 'Pacific/Marquesas',
 'Pacific/Midway',
 'Pacific/Nauru',
 'Pacific/Niue',
 'Pacific/Norfolk',
 'Pacific/Noumea',
 'Pacific/Pago_Pago',
 'Pacific/Palau',
 'Pacific/Pitcairn',
 'Pacific/Pohnpei',
 'Pacific/Port_Moresby',
 'Pacific/Rarotonga',
 'Pacific/Saipan',
 'Pacific/Tahiti',
 'Pacific/Tarawa',
 'Pacific/Tongatapu',
 'Pacific/Wake',
 'Pacific/Wallis',
 'US/Alaska',
 'US/Arizona',
 'US/Central',
 'US/Eastern',
 'US/Hawaii',
 'US/Mountain',
 'US/Pacific',
 'UTC']

>>> len(pytz.common_timezones)
440

>>>

>>> from pytz import all_timezones, common_timezones

>>> 'Asia/Shanghai' in all_timezones
True

>>> 'Asia/Shanghai' in common_timezones
True

常用时区列表比所有的时区列表长度小100多。

时区集合

也可以使用all_timezones_set和common_timezones_set时区集合。

>>> from pytz import all_timezones_set, common_timezones_set

>>> 'US/Eastern' in all_timezones_set
True

>>> 'US/Eastern' in common_timezones_set
True

>>> 'Australia/Victoria' in common_timezones_set
False

>>> 'Asia/Shanghai' in common_timezones_set
True

>>> 'Asia/Shanghai' in all_timezones_set
True

>>> type(all_timezones_set)
pytz.lazy.LazySet.__new__.<locals>.LazySet

>>> type(common_timezones_set)
pytz.lazy.LazySet.__new__.<locals>.LazySet

国家时区country_timezones()

你也可以使用国家时区功能。您还可以使用country_timezones()函数检索特定国家/地区使用的时区列表。 它要求一个ISO-3166两个字母的国家/地区代码。

ISO-3166 Country Codes

可参考https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E13214_01/wli/docs92/xref/xqisocodes.html，我复制了一份如下表所示：

Country	ISO-3166 Country Code
AFGHANISTAN	AF
ALBANIA	AL
ALGERIA	DZ
AMERICAN SAMOA	AS
ANDORRA	AD
ANGOLA	AO
ANTARCTICA	AQ
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA	AG
ARGENTINA	AR
ARMENIA	AM
ARUBA	AW
AUSTRALIA	AU
AUSTRIA	AT
AZERBAIJAN	AZ
BAHAMAS	BS
BAHRAIN	BH
BANGLADESH	BD
BARBADOS	BB
BELARUS	BY
BELGIUM	BE
BELIZE	BZ
BENIN	BJ
BERMUDA	BM
BHUTAN	BT
BOLIVIA	BO
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA	BA
BOTSWANA	BW
BOUVET ISLAND	BV
BRAZIL	BR
BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY	IO
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM	BN
BULGARIA	BG
BURKINA FASO	BF
BURUNDI	BI
CAMBODIA	KH
CAMEROON	CM
CANADA	CA
CAPE VERDE	CV
CAYMAN ISLANDS	KY
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC	CF
CHAD	TD
CHILE	CL
CHINA	CN
CHRISTMAS ISLAND	CX
COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS	CC
COLOMBIA	CO
COMOROS	KM
CONGO	CG
CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE	CD
COOK ISLANDS	CK
COSTA RICA	CR
CÔTE D'IVOIRE	CI
CROATIA	HR
CUBA	CU
CYPRUS	CY
CZECH REPUBLIC	CZ
DENMARK	DK
DJIBOUTI	DJ
DOMINICA	DM
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC	DO
ECUADOR	EC
EGYPT	EG
EL SALVADOR	SV
EQUATORIAL GUINEA	GQ
ERITREA	ER
ESTONIA	EE
ETHIOPIA	ET
FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS)	FK
FAROE ISLANDS	FO
FIJI	FJ
FINLAND	FI
FRANCE	FR
FRENCH GUIANA	GF
FRENCH POLYNESIA	PF
FRENCH SOUTHERN TERRITORIES	TF
GABON	GA
GAMBIA	GM
GEORGIA	GE
GERMANY	DE
GHANA	GH
GIBRALTAR	GI
GREECE	GR
GREENLAND	GL
GRENADA	GD
GUADELOUPE	GP
GUAM	GU
GUATEMALA	GT
GUINEA	GN
GUINEA-BISSAU	GW
GUYANA	GY
HAITI	HT
HEARD ISLAND AND MCDONALD ISLANDS	HM
HONDURAS	HN
HONG KONG	HK
HUNGARY	HU
ICELAND	IS
INDIA	IN
INDONESIA	ID
IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF	IR
IRAQ	IQ
IRELAND	IE
ISRAEL	IL
ITALY	IT
JAMAICA	JM
JAPAN	JP
JORDAN	JO
KAZAKHSTAN	KZ
KENYA	KE
KIRIBATI	KI
KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF	KP
KOREA, REPUBLIC OF	KR
KUWAIT	KW
KYRGYZSTAN	KG
LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC	LA
LATVIA	LV
LEBANON	LB
LESOTHO	LS
LIBERIA	LR
LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA	LY
LIECHTENSTEIN	LI
LITHUANIA	LT
LUXEMBOURG	LU
MACAO	MO
MACEDONIA, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF	MK
MADAGASCAR	MG
MALAWI	MW
MALAYSIA	MY
MALDIVES	MV
MALI	ML
MALTA	MT
MARSHALL ISLANDS	MH
MARTINIQUE	MQ
MAURITANIA	MR
MAURITIUS	MU
MAYOTTE	YT
MEXICO	MX
MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF	FM
MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF	MD
MONACO	MD
MONGOLIA	MN
MONTSERRAT	MS
MOROCCO	MA
MOZAMBIQUE	MZ
MYANMAR	MM
NAMIBIA	NA
NAURU	NR
NEPAL	NP
NETHERLANDS	NL
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES	AN
NEW CALEDONIA	NC
NEW ZEALAND	NZ
NICARAGUA	NI
NIGER	NE
NIGERIA	NG
NIUE	NU
NORFOLK ISLAND	NF
NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS	MP
NORWAY	NO
OMAN	OM
PAKISTAN	PK
PALAU	PW
PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, OCCUPIED	PS
PANAMA	PA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA	PG
PARAGUAY	PY
PERU	PE
PHILIPPINES	PH
PITCAIRN	PN
POLAND	PL
PUERTO RICO	PR
QATAR	QA
RÉUNION	RE
ROMANIA	RO
RUSSIAN FEDERATION	RU
RWANDA	RW
SAINT HELENA	SH
SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS	KN
SAINT LUCIA	LC
SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON	PM
SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES	VC
SAMOA	WS
SAN MARINO	SM
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE	ST
SAUDI ARABIA	SA
SENEGAL	SN
SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO	CS
SEYCHELLES	SC
SIERRA LEONE	SL
SINGAPORE	SG
SLOVAKIA	SK
SLOVENIA	SI
SOLOMON ISLANDS	SB
SOMALIA	SO
SOUTH AFRICA	ZA
SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS	GS
SPAIN	ES
SRI LANKA	LK
SUDAN	SD
SURINAME	SR
SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN	SJ
SWAZILAND	SZ
SWEDEN	SE
SWITZERLAND	CH
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC	SY
TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINA	TW
TAJIKISTAN	TJ
TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF	TZ
THAILAND	TH
TIMOR-LESTE	TL
TOGO	TG
TOKELAU	TK
TONGA	TO
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO	TT
TUNISIA	TN
TURKEY	TR
TURKMENISTAN	TM
TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS	TC
TUVALU	TV
UGANDA	UG
UKRAINE	UA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES	AE
UNITED KINGDOM	GB
UNITED STATES	US
UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS	UM
URUGUAY	UY
UZBEKISTAN	UZ
VANUATU	VU
VENEZUELA	VE
VIET NAM	VN
VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH	VG
VIRGIN ISLANDS, U.S.	VI
WALLIS AND FUTUNA	WF
WESTERN SAHARA	EH
YEMEN	YE
ZAMBIA	ZM
ZIMBABWE	ZW

使用country_timezones函数：

>>> from pytz import country_timezones

# 阿富汗伊斯兰共和国🇦🇫，亚洲/喀布尔
>>> country_timezones['af']
['Asia/Kabul']

>>> country_timezones['AF']
['Asia/Kabul']

# 阿尔巴尼亚共和国🇦🇱ALBANIA, 欧洲/地拉那
>>> country_timezones['AL']
['Europe/Tirane']

# CN中国🇨🇳对应的时区，亚洲/上海，亚洲/乌鲁木齐
>>> country_timezones['CN']
['Asia/Shanghai', 'Asia/Urumqi']

# 斐济🇫🇯对应的时区
>>> country_timezones['FJ']
['Pacific/Fiji']

# 美国🇺🇸的时区
>>> country_timezones['US']
['America/New_York',
 'America/Detroit',
 'America/Kentucky/Louisville',
 'America/Kentucky/Monticello',
 'America/Indiana/Indianapolis',
 'America/Indiana/Vincennes',
 'America/Indiana/Winamac',
 'America/Indiana/Marengo',
 'America/Indiana/Petersburg',
 'America/Indiana/Vevay',
 'America/Chicago',
 'America/Indiana/Tell_City',
 'America/Indiana/Knox',
 'America/Menominee',
 'America/North_Dakota/Center',
 'America/North_Dakota/New_Salem',
 'America/North_Dakota/Beulah',
 'America/Denver',
 'America/Boise',
 'America/Phoenix',
 'America/Los_Angeles',
 'America/Anchorage',
 'America/Juneau',
 'America/Sitka',
 'America/Metlakatla',
 'America/Yakutat',
 'America/Nome',
 'America/Adak',
 'Pacific/Honolulu']

# 日本🇯🇵对应的时区, 亚洲/东京
>>> country_timezones['JP']
['Asia/Tokyo']

# 印度🇮🇳对应的时区，亚洲/加尔各答
>>> country_timezones['IN']
['Asia/Kolkata']

国家名称country_names

通过ISO-3166国家码可以反查对应的国家名称信息。

>>> from pytz import country_names

>>> country_names
<pytz._CountryNameDict at 0x10bb77390>

>>> dict(country_names)
{'AD': 'Andorra',
 'AE': 'United Arab Emirates',
 'AF': 'Afghanistan',
 'AG': 'Antigua & Barbuda',
 'AI': 'Anguilla',
 'AL': 'Albania',
 'AM': 'Armenia',
 'AO': 'Angola',
 'AQ': 'Antarctica',
 'AR': 'Argentina',
 'AS': 'Samoa (American)',
 'AT': 'Austria',
 'AU': 'Australia',
 'AW': 'Aruba',
 'AX': 'Åland Islands',
 'AZ': 'Azerbaijan',
 'BA': 'Bosnia & Herzegovina',
 'BB': 'Barbados',
 'BD': 'Bangladesh',
 'BE': 'Belgium',
 'BF': 'Burkina Faso',
 'BG': 'Bulgaria',
 'BH': 'Bahrain',
 'BI': 'Burundi',
 'BJ': 'Benin',
 'BL': 'St Barthelemy',
 'BM': 'Bermuda',
 'BN': 'Brunei',
 'BO': 'Bolivia',
 'BQ': 'Caribbean NL',
 'BR': 'Brazil',
 'BS': 'Bahamas',
 'BT': 'Bhutan',
 'BV': 'Bouvet Island',
 'BW': 'Botswana',
 'BY': 'Belarus',
 'BZ': 'Belize',
 'CA': 'Canada',
 'CC': 'Cocos (Keeling) Islands',
 'CD': 'Congo (Dem. Rep.)',
 'CF': 'Central African Rep.',
 'CG': 'Congo (Rep.)',
 'CH': 'Switzerland',
 'CI': "Côte d'Ivoire",
 'CK': 'Cook Islands',
 'CL': 'Chile',
 'CM': 'Cameroon',
 'CN': 'China',
 'CO': 'Colombia',
 'CR': 'Costa Rica',
 'CU': 'Cuba',
 'CV': 'Cape Verde',
 'CW': 'Curaçao',
 'CX': 'Christmas Island',
 'CY': 'Cyprus',
 'CZ': 'Czech Republic',
 'DE': 'Germany',
 'DJ': 'Djibouti',
 'DK': 'Denmark',
 'DM': 'Dominica',
 'DO': 'Dominican Republic',
 'DZ': 'Algeria',
 'EC': 'Ecuador',
 'EE': 'Estonia',
 'EG': 'Egypt',
 'EH': 'Western Sahara',
 'ER': 'Eritrea',
 'ES': 'Spain',
 'ET': 'Ethiopia',
 'FI': 'Finland',
 'FJ': 'Fiji',
 'FK': 'Falkland Islands',
 'FM': 'Micronesia',
 'FO': 'Faroe Islands',
 'FR': 'France',
 'GA': 'Gabon',
 'GB': 'Britain (UK)',
 'GD': 'Grenada',
 'GE': 'Georgia',
 'GF': 'French Guiana',
 'GG': 'Guernsey',
 'GH': 'Ghana',
 'GI': 'Gibraltar',
 'GL': 'Greenland',
 'GM': 'Gambia',
 'GN': 'Guinea',
 'GP': 'Guadeloupe',
 'GQ': 'Equatorial Guinea',
 'GR': 'Greece',
 'GS': 'South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands',
 'GT': 'Guatemala',
 'GU': 'Guam',
 'GW': 'Guinea-Bissau',
 'GY': 'Guyana',
 'HK': 'Hong Kong',
 'HM': 'Heard Island & McDonald Islands',
 'HN': 'Honduras',
 'HR': 'Croatia',
 'HT': 'Haiti',
 'HU': 'Hungary',
 'ID': 'Indonesia',
 'IE': 'Ireland',
 'IL': 'Israel',
 'IM': 'Isle of Man',
 'IN': 'India',
 'IO': 'British Indian Ocean Territory',
 'IQ': 'Iraq',
 'IR': 'Iran',
 'IS': 'Iceland',
 'IT': 'Italy',
 'JE': 'Jersey',
 'JM': 'Jamaica',
 'JO': 'Jordan',
 'JP': 'Japan',
 'KE': 'Kenya',
 'KG': 'Kyrgyzstan',
 'KH': 'Cambodia',
 'KI': 'Kiribati',
 'KM': 'Comoros',
 'KN': 'St Kitts & Nevis',
 'KP': 'Korea (North)',
 'KR': 'Korea (South)',
 'KW': 'Kuwait',
 'KY': 'Cayman Islands',
 'KZ': 'Kazakhstan',
 'LA': 'Laos',
 'LB': 'Lebanon',
 'LC': 'St Lucia',
 'LI': 'Liechtenstein',
 'LK': 'Sri Lanka',
 'LR': 'Liberia',
 'LS': 'Lesotho',
 'LT': 'Lithuania',
 'LU': 'Luxembourg',
 'LV': 'Latvia',
 'LY': 'Libya',
 'MA': 'Morocco',
 'MC': 'Monaco',
 'MD': 'Moldova',
 'ME': 'Montenegro',
 'MF': 'St Martin (French)',
 'MG': 'Madagascar',
 'MH': 'Marshall Islands',
 'MK': 'North Macedonia',
 'ML': 'Mali',
 'MM': 'Myanmar (Burma)',
 'MN': 'Mongolia',
 'MO': 'Macau',
 'MP': 'Northern Mariana Islands',
 'MQ': 'Martinique',
 'MR': 'Mauritania',
 'MS': 'Montserrat',
 'MT': 'Malta',
 'MU': 'Mauritius',
 'MV': 'Maldives',
 'MW': 'Malawi',
 'MX': 'Mexico',
 'MY': 'Malaysia',
 'MZ': 'Mozambique',
 'NA': 'Namibia',
 'NC': 'New Caledonia',
 'NE': 'Niger',
 'NF': 'Norfolk Island',
 'NG': 'Nigeria',
 'NI': 'Nicaragua',
 'NL': 'Netherlands',
 'NO': 'Norway',
 'NP': 'Nepal',
 'NR': 'Nauru',
 'NU': 'Niue',
 'NZ': 'New Zealand',
 'OM': 'Oman',
 'PA': 'Panama',
 'PE': 'Peru',
 'PF': 'French Polynesia',
 'PG': 'Papua New Guinea',
 'PH': 'Philippines',
 'PK': 'Pakistan',
 'PL': 'Poland',
 'PM': 'St Pierre & Miquelon',
 'PN': 'Pitcairn',
 'PR': 'Puerto Rico',
 'PS': 'Palestine',
 'PT': 'Portugal',
 'PW': 'Palau',
 'PY': 'Paraguay',
 'QA': 'Qatar',
 'RE': 'Réunion',
 'RO': 'Romania',
 'RS': 'Serbia',
 'RU': 'Russia',
 'RW': 'Rwanda',
 'SA': 'Saudi Arabia',
 'SB': 'Solomon Islands',
 'SC': 'Seychelles',
 'SD': 'Sudan',
 'SE': 'Sweden',
 'SG': 'Singapore',
 'SH': 'St Helena',
 'SI': 'Slovenia',
 'SJ': 'Svalbard & Jan Mayen',
 'SK': 'Slovakia',
 'SL': 'Sierra Leone',
 'SM': 'San Marino',
 'SN': 'Senegal',
 'SO': 'Somalia',
 'SR': 'Suriname',
 'SS': 'South Sudan',
 'ST': 'Sao Tome & Principe',
 'SV': 'El Salvador',
 'SX': 'St Maarten (Dutch)',
 'SY': 'Syria',
 'SZ': 'Eswatini (Swaziland)',
 'TC': 'Turks & Caicos Is',
 'TD': 'Chad',
 'TF': 'French Southern & Antarctic Lands',
 'TG': 'Togo',
 'TH': 'Thailand',
 'TJ': 'Tajikistan',
 'TK': 'Tokelau',
 'TL': 'East Timor',
 'TM': 'Turkmenistan',
 'TN': 'Tunisia',
 'TO': 'Tonga',
 'TR': 'Turkey',
 'TT': 'Trinidad & Tobago',
 'TV': 'Tuvalu',
 'TW': 'Taiwan',
 'TZ': 'Tanzania',
 'UA': 'Ukraine',
 'UG': 'Uganda',
 'UM': 'US minor outlying islands',
 'US': 'United States',
 'UY': 'Uruguay',
 'UZ': 'Uzbekistan',
 'VA': 'Vatican City',
 'VC': 'St Vincent',
 'VE': 'Venezuela',
 'VG': 'Virgin Islands (UK)',
 'VI': 'Virgin Islands (US)',
 'VN': 'Vietnam',
 'VU': 'Vanuatu',
 'WF': 'Wallis & Futuna',
 'WS': 'Samoa (western)',
 'YE': 'Yemen',
 'YT': 'Mayotte',
 'ZA': 'South Africa',
 'ZM': 'Zambia',
 'ZW': 'Zimbabwe'}

>>>

# 阿富汗伊斯兰共和国，不区分大小写
>>> country_names['af']
'Afghanistan'

# 阿富汗伊斯兰共和国
>>> country_names['AF']
'Afghanistan'

# 阿尔巴尼亚共和国
>>> country_names['AL']
'Albania'

# 中国
>>> country_names['CN']
'China'

# 斐济
>>> country_names['FJ']
'Fiji'

# 美国
>>> country_names['US']
'United States'

# 日本
>>> country_names['JP']
'Japan'

# 印度
>>> country_names['IN']
'India'

UTC时区

UTC是世界标准时间。它是格林威治标准时间（GMT）和世界时的各种定义的继任者，但与格林威治标准时间和世界时的各种定义不同。 UTC现在是调节时钟和时间测量的全球标准。

所有其他时区都是相对于UTC定义的，并且包括UTC+0800之类的偏移量-从UTC加上或减去小时数以得出本地时间。 UTC不会出现夏令时，因此它成为执行日期算术的有用时区，而不必担心夏令时转换，以及您所在国家/地区更改时区或漫游到多个时区的移动计算机所造成的混乱和歧义等问题。

pytz模块常量

# pytz的版本号
>>> pytz.VERSION
'2020.1'

# pytz时间0
>>> pytz.ZERO
datetime.timedelta(0)

# pytz时间小数
>>> pytz.HOUR
datetime.timedelta(0, 3600)

# Olson数据库版本号，旧版本中拼写错误导致的名称
>>> pytz.OLSEN_VERSION
'2020a'

# Olson数据库版本号
>>> pytz.OLSON_VERSION
'2020a'

本地化时间和日期计算

准备需要使用的数据和变量：

>>> from datetime import datetime, timedelta

>>> from pytz import timezone, utc, UTC

>>> utc
<UTC>

>>> UTC
<UTC>

>>> type(utc)
pytz.UTC

>>> type(UTC)
pytz.UTC

>>> utc == UTC
True

>>> utc.zone
'UTC'

>>> UTC.zone
'UTC'

>>> eastern = timezone('US/Eastern')

>>> eastern
<DstTzInfo 'US/Eastern' LMT-1 day, 19:04:00 STD>

>>> eastern.zone
'US/Eastern'

>>> china = timezone('Asia/Shanghai')

>>> china
<DstTzInfo 'Asia/Shanghai' LMT+8:06:00 STD>

>>> fmt = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z%z'

>>> fmt
'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z%z'

pytz模块提供了两种方式来进行本地化处理。

• 第一种方法是使用pytz.localize()方法，用于本地化原始日期时间（没有时区信息的日期时间）。
• 第二种方法是使用astimezone()方法将一个存在的本地化时间转换成本地化时间(什么鬼👻，有点绕，原文The second way of building a localized time is by converting an existing localized time using the standard astimezone() method)。

使用pytz.localize()方法获取本地化时间

>>> local_dt = eastern.localize(datetime(2020,7,14,8,51,0))

>>> local_dt.astimezone?
Docstring: tz -> convert to local time in new timezone tz
Type:      builtin_function_or_method

>>> local_dt.strftime?
Docstring: format -> strftime() style string.
Type:      builtin_function_or_method

>>> local_dt
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 8, 51, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'US/Eastern' EDT-1 day, 20:00:00 DST>)

# 美国东部US/Eastern时区处于东-4时区，比UTC晚4个小时
>>> local_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2020-07-14 08:51:00 EDT-0400'

使用pytz.astimezone()转换成本地时间

# 将美国东部的本地时间转换成UTC标准时，可以发现时间增加了4小时
>>> local_dt.astimezone(UTC)
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 12, 51, tzinfo=<UTC>)

# 将美国东部的本地时间转换成中国的本地时间，可以发现时间多了12小时，CST是中国标准时间，比UTC标准时早8个小时
>>> local_dt.astimezone(china)
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 20, 51, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'Asia/Shanghai' CST+8:00:00 STD>)

但不幸的是，在很多时区中，使用标准日期时间构造函数的tzinfo参数pytz都不起作用：

>>> datetime(2020,7,14,8,51,0, tzinfo=eastern)
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 8, 51, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'US/Eastern' LMT-1 day, 19:04:00 STD>)

>>> datetime(2020,7,14,8,51,0, tzinfo=china)
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 8, 51, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'Asia/Shanghai' LMT+8:06:00 STD>)

# 可以发现转换的时间不对
>>> datetime(2020,7,14,8,51,0, tzinfo=eastern).strftime(fmt)
'2020-07-14 08:51:00 LMT-0456'

# 可以发现转换的时间不对
>>> datetime(2020,7,14,8,51,0, tzinfo=china).strftime(fmt)
'2020-07-14 08:51:00 LMT+0806'

>>>

而对于没有夏令时过渡的时区，例如UTC，却是安全的：

>>> datetime(2020,7,14,8,51,0, tzinfo=utc).strftime(fmt)
'2020-07-14 08:51:00 UTC+0000'

>>> datetime(2020,7,14,8,51,0, tzinfo=UTC).strftime(fmt)
'2020-07-14 08:51:00 UTC+0000'

处理时间的首选方法是始终使用UTC，仅在生成人类可读的输出时才转换为本地时间。

# 定义UTC标准时
>>> utc_dt = datetime(2020,7,14,13,16,0, tzinfo=UTC)

>>> utc_dt
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 13, 16, tzinfo=<UTC>)

# 将标准时转换成美国东部本地化时间
>>> eastern_local_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(eastern)

>>> eastern_local_dt
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 9, 16, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'US/Eastern' EDT-1 day, 20:00:00 DST>)

# 将标准时转换成中国本地化时间
>>> china_local_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(china)

>>> china_local_dt
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 21, 16, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'Asia/Shanghai' CST+8:00:00 STD>)

# 输出本地化时间字符串
>>> eastern_local_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2020-07-14 09:16:00 EDT-0400'

# 输出本地化时间字符串
>>> china_local_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2020-07-14 21:16:00 CST+0800'

>>>

时间和日期计算

• 使用本地时间进行算术计算比较麻烦，需要处理夏令时等问题，此处忽略。创建本地时间也比较棘手，也忽略掉。
• 如果要进行时间的转换，建议使用UTC标准时再转换到相应时区设置后，再进行本地化时间字符串输出。
• tzinfo api相关也忽略不谈！

本地化存在的问题

我们必须处理的主要问题是，某些日期时间可能一年发生两次。 例如，在十月最后一个星期日早晨的美国/东部时区，将发生以下顺序：

• 美国EDT 01:00发生（EDT: Eastern Daylight Timing美国东部夏令时间）。
• 1小时后，而不是凌晨2:00，时钟被调回1小时，并且再次发生01:00（这次是EST 01:00）（EST eastern standard time 美国东部标准时间)。

实际上，01:00到02:00之间的每个瞬间都会出现两次。 这意味着，如果您尝试在标准日期时间语法的US/Eastern美国/东部时区中创建时间，则无法指定是否要在夏令时结束之前或之后指定。 使用pytz自定义语法，最好的办法是进行有根据的猜测：

>>> loc_dt = eastern.localize(datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 30, 00))

>>> loc_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:30:00 EST-0500'

如您所见，系统已经为您选择了一个，一小时之内就有50％的机会被淘汰。 对于某些应用程序，这无关紧要。 但是，如果您尝试与不同时区的人安排会议或分析日志文件，则不可接受。

最好和最简单的解决方案是坚持使用UTC。 pytz软件包通过在Python文档中包含基于标准Python参考实现的特殊UTC实现，鼓励使用UTC进行内部时区表示。

与其他pytz tzinfo实例相比，UTC timezone反序列化(unpickles)将是相同的对象，序列化(pickles)时相对较小。 可以通过pytz.utc，pytz.UTC或pytz.timezone('UTC')获得UTC实现。

>>> import pickle

>>> utc_dt = datetime(2020,7,14,14,27,21,tzinfo=UTC)

>>> utc_dt
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 14, 27, 21, tzinfo=<UTC>)

>>> naive = utc_dt.replace(tzinfo=None)

>>> naive
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 14, 27, 21)

>>> p = pickle.dumps(utc_dt,1)

>>> p
b'cdatetime\ndatetime\nq\x00(c_codecs\nencode\nq\x01(X\x0b\x00\x00\x00\x07\xc3\xa4\x07\x0e\x0e\x1b\x15\x00\x00\x00q\x02X\x06\x00\x00\x00latin1q\x03tq\x04Rq\x05cpytz\n_UTC\nq\x06)Rq\x07tq\x08Rq\t.'

>>> naive_p = pickle.dumps(naive,1)

>>> naive_p
b'cdatetime\ndatetime\nq\x00(c_codecs\nencode\nq\x01(X\x0b\x00\x00\x00\x07\xc3\xa4\x07\x0e\x0e\x1b\x15\x00\x00\x00q\x02X\x06\x00\x00\x00latin1q\x03tq\x04Rq\x05tq\x06Rq\x07.'

>>> len(p) - len(naive_p)
17

>>> new = pickle.loads(p)

>>> new == utc_dt
True

>>> naive_new = pickle.loads(naive_p)

>>> naive_new
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 14, 27, 21)

>>> new
datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 14, 14, 27, 21, tzinfo=<UTC>)

>>> naive_new == naive
True

>>> new is utc_dt
False

>>> new.tzinfo
<UTC>

>>> new.tzinfo is utc_dt.tzinfo
True

>>> naive_new is naive
False

>>>

最后的总结

在处理与时区相关的数据时，始终以UTC标准时间来进行计算，得到最终的结果后，最终再将结果转换成对应时区的本地化时间，切记！！

• 参考：
• pytz-World timezone definitions, modern and historical https://pypi.org/project/pytz/
• pytz - World Timezone Definitions for Python https://pythonhosted.org/pytz/
• pytz codehttps://github.com/stub42/pytz